ON Spirituality
V.Rev. Thomas Fitzgerald, Holy Cross School of Theology
The Orthodox Church proclaims the
Gospel of Jesus Christ. In the Greek language, the word for Gospel is
Evangelion which means literally "the good news." The good news of
Orthodox Christianity is a proclamation of God's unbounded and sacrificial love
for man kind, as well as the revelation of the true destiny of the human
person. Reflecting on the joyous message of the Gospel, Saint Gregory of Nyssa
wrote in the fourth century: The good news is that man is no longer an outcast
nor expelled from God's Kingdom; but that he is again a son, again God's
subject.
Orthodoxy believes that the
supreme treasure which God wishes to share with us is His own life. Our faith
begins with the affirmation that God has acted in history to permit us to
participate in His love and His goodness, to be citizens of His Kingdom. This
conviction is expressed so beautifully in the prayer of the Liturgy which says:
"You have not ceased to do all things until You brought us to heaven and
granted us the Kingdom to come."
The initiation of love of God the
Father is perfectly expressed and embodied in the Person and Ministry of Jesus
Christ. The whole purpose of the Incarnation of the Son of God was to restore
humanity to fellowship with God. The great teachers and Fathers of the Orthodox
Church constantly reaffirmed this conviction by proclaiming that God had become
what we are in order that we could become what He is.
Christ is exalted as our Light and
our Life. In His Person there is a unity of humanity and divinity which each of
us is called to share. In His way of life. there is the model of authentic
human life which we are invited to follow. In His victorious Resurrection,
there is liberation for us from all powers which can keep us from the Kingdom.
Through Christ, then, God the Father has repossessed us and has called us to be
His sons and daughters.
THEOSIS
The fundamental vocation and goal
of each and every person is to share in the life of God. We have been created
by God to live in fellowship with Him. The descent of God in the Person of
Jesus Christ has made possible the human ascent to the Father through the work of
the Holy Spirit. Orthodoxy believes that each Christian is involved in a
movement toward God which is known as theosis or deification .
Theosis describes the spiritual
pilgrimage in which each person becomes ever more perfect, ever more holy, ever
more united with God. It is not a static relationship, nor does it take place
only after death. On the contrary, theosis is a movement of love toward God
which begins for each Christian with the rites of Baptism and which continues
throughout this life, as well as the life which is to come. Salvation means
liberation from sin, death, and evil. Redemption means our repossession by God.
In Orthodoxy, both salvation and redemption are within the context of theosis.
This rich vision of Christian life was expressed well by Saint Peter when he
wrote in the early pages of his second Epistle that we are called "to
become partakers of the Divine nature." It was also affirmed by Saint
Basil the Great when he described man as the creature who has received the order
to become a god.
These are certainly bold
affirmations which must be properly understood. The Orthodox Church understands
theosis as a union with the energies of God and not with the essence of God
which always remains hidden and unknown. However, the experience of the Church
testifies that this is a true union with God. It is also one which is not
pantheistic, because in this union the divine and the human retain their unique
characteristics. In this sense, Orthodoxy believes that human life reaches its
fulfillment only when it becomes divine.
THE HOLY SPIRIT
The ever-deepening union of each
Christian with God is not a magical or automatic process. While Christ has
destroyed the powers of sin, death, and evil once and for all, this victory
must be appropriated by each person in cooperation with the Holy Spirit. Each
person is called to join with the lifegiving and liberating Spirit" in
realizing the fulness of human life in communion with the Father. The Holy
Spirit is the agent of deification whose task it is to incorporate us into the
life of the Holy Trinity. However, the Spirit always recognizes our human
freedom and invites our active cooperation in perfecting the "image and
likeness of God" with which each of us is created.
Our participation in the life of
the Holy Trinity, which we know as theosis, takes place within the Church. For
the Orthodox, the Church is the meeting place between God and His people. The
Holy Spirit and the Church are organically linked. In the second century, Saint
Irenaeus reminded us of this by saying: "Where the Church is there is the
Spirit, and where the Spirit is there is the Church." The Holy Spirit
moves through the life of the Church to reveal our common humanity in Christ
and to unite us with the Father. We acquire the Holy Spirit through our
celebration of the Eucharist and the reception of Holy Communion, through our
participation in the Sacraments, through our discipline of daily prayer, and
through the practice of fasting, all of which result in a Christ-like life.
The Holy Spirit, Who is honored as
the Lord and Giver of life, is manifest in the life of the Church in order to
bring our lives to perfection, and to make us responsible and loving human
beings. The fruit of Worship is the gifts of the Spirit. In his letter to the
Galatians, Saint Paul identified these as: "love, joy, peace, patience,
kindness, goodness, fidelity, gentleness, and self-control." Certainly,
these are the virtues of a Christ-like life. They testify to the fact that the
love of God and the love of neighbor are inseparable.
THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE CHURCH
The reality of theosis not only
bears witness to the love of God who wishes to share Him self with us but also
expresses a very positive view of the human person. Orthodoxy believes that
each person has an intrinsic value and importance in virtue of his or her
unique relationship to God. The human person is never seen as being totally
depraved. The "image of God" which can be distorted by sin, can never
be eradicated. Through the life of the Church, there is always the opportunity
for fulfillment. When the Sacraments are administered, they are always offered
to the individual by name. This action not only reminds us of the dignity of
each person but also emphasizes the responsibility each person has for his or
her relationship to God.
While Orthodoxy recognizes the
value of the person, it does not believe that we are meant to be isolated or
self-sufficient. Each person is called to be an important member of the Church.
Orthodoxy believes that one cannot be a Christian without being a part of the
Church. The process of theosis takes place with the context of a believing
community.
To be united with God within the midst of the Church does
not mean that our unique personalities are destroyed. We are not engulfed by an
impersonal force or power. As with all love which is true and valuable, God's
love for each of us respects our personhood. His love is not one which
destroys. God's love is one which reveals, elevates, and perfects our true
selves. By entering into the life of God, we become the persons we are meant to
be.